{"id":19844,"date":"2023-02-22T14:00:59","date_gmt":"2023-02-22T12:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/micral\/?p=393"},"modified":"2023-03-01T12:00:59","modified_gmt":"2023-03-01T10:00:59","slug":"a-la-recherche-de-documentation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/en\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/","title":{"rendered":"Looking for documentation"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Sylvain Glaize.<\/em><\/p>\n

Research<\/h1>\n

The Micral N restoration project has been launched, and given its condition, the goal of restarting it seems entirely feasible. But how does it work? What is the machine made of? Can't we find some documentation?<\/p>\n

What we do know is that the machine is built around the brand new Intel 8008. And the 8008 documentation is available, whether it's the Intel specifications<\/a> or some<\/a> pages<\/a> on the Internet<\/a>.<\/p>\n

When it comes to moving on to the Micral N, things get more complicated. Websites dealing with the 8008 focus on other machines: SCELBI<\/a>, Mark-8<\/a>The only document we find is a \" Users Manual<\/a> \"(User Manual) preserved by the Bitsavers project. It is accompanied by a few black and white photos of maps, with captions.<\/p>\n

It's not much, but it'll do for now. And a hundred technical pages is still a good read.<\/p>\n

The 8008<\/h1>\n

Reading the 8008 specifications is fairly quick. Overall, the documentation is clear and fairly detailed, giving details of operations in each state for each instruction.<\/p>\n

Without going into too much detail, the 8008 is a processor clocked at 500 kHz (yes, five hundred kilo Hertz) in an 18-pin package, which processes data on 8 bits and has a 14-bit addressing range. Since 18 pins is not a lot, the data is multiplexed, which is important for the Micral N architecture.<\/p>\n

Inside, there are seven registers, including an accumulator and an 8-level call stack that cannot be accessed programmatically. And finally, a rudimentary interrupt system. Here, the Micral N will be able to provide a slightly higher-level solution, as we shall see later.<\/p>\n

It's tiny, but that's to be expected; it's the first 8-bit microprocessor.<\/p>\n

\"Intel<\/p>\n

Le Micral N<\/h1>\n

The Micral N manual is a little harder to read, for a number of reasons. The first is the age of the documentation. You don't describe a 1974 machine in 2021 terms.<\/p>\n

The other factors are more annoying. What can be blamed primarily on inattentive reading is becoming increasingly obvious: there are mistakes in the textbook.<\/p>\n

There are many types of error: copying errors, such as confusion between 1s (one) and Is (capital i), errors in the location of signals, explanations that contradict the diagrams, etc.<\/p>\n

And there are gaps, such as certain signals that are not described. Or pitfalls, such as signals translated into English in the text but into French in the diagrams.<\/p>\n

However, documentation is still a great tool for getting started.<\/p>\n

\"Couverture<\/p>\n

A mental image<\/h1>\n

Thanks to these readings, it is possible to begin to form a mental image of how the Micral N works: a series of cards that communicate with each other via a bus in the backplane.<\/p>\n

These cards are varied: a processor card, memory cards, communication cards with peripherals. Some of the cards in the association's copy are referenced in the manual, others are not. Conversely, some of the cards in the manual are not present in the Micral N under study.<\/p>\n

But the conclusion is clear: this model has the necessary cards to run a program.<\/p>\n

Emulation<\/h1>\n

One of the aims of the study is to produce a virtual means of operating a Micral N. In addition, we want to take a parallel approach: the electronic study and the virtual study of the machine can complement each other.<\/p>\n

For example, some cards communicate with each other directly, without going through the general bus. But we initially have no idea how they are connected, because we don't have these cables. Emulation will allow us to try out certain hypotheses and, by going back and forth with the real hardware, enable us to resolve these unknowns.<\/p>\n

A quick look at general emulation platforms, such as MAME or SimH, shows that there is no work on this machine, even though 8008 emulators do exist.<\/p>\n

The question also arises: should you join one of these platforms and take advantage of their tools? It's a valid question, and there are pros and cons. On reflection, the external emulator comes out on top.<\/p>\n

We don't know enough about the machine, and we're not 8008 specialists. A good way of getting to grips with all this is to do an implementation from scratch.<\/p>\n

Another choice is to operate at the level of 8008 signals and states. The 8008 emulators found and analysed then are all at instruction level. This has the advantage of speed, but it often requires knowledge of how the machine works in order to adapt the rest of the emulation. But we don't know the machine.<\/p>\n

Emulating the signals should enable our hypotheses to be quite refined, and to understand the machine's maps in detail.<\/p>\n

And so the emulation work began, full of trial and error. But that's a story for a future article.<\/p>\n

\"Illustrction<\/p>\n

Don't forget to take part in the campaign to support our work! https:\/\/micral.mo5.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par Sylvain Glaize. La recherche Le projet de restauration du Micral N est lanc\u00e9 et au vu de son \u00e9tat, l’objectif de le red\u00e9marrer semble tout \u00e0 fait faisable. Mais comment fonctionne-t-il ? De quoi est compos\u00e9e la machine ? Ne pourrait-on pas trouver un peu de documentation ? Ce que l’on sait, c’est que la machine est architectur\u00e9e autour du tout nouveau, \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque, Intel 8008. Et la documentation du 8008 est disponible, que ce soient les sp\u00e9cifications d’Intel ou quelques pages sur Internet. Quand il s’agit de passer au Micral N, les choses se corsent. Les sites web qui traitent du 8008 sont centr\u00e9s sur d’autres machines : SCELBI, Mark-8,… Le seul document que l’on trouve est un \u00ab Users Manual \u00bb (Manuel de l’utilisateur) pr\u00e9serv\u00e9 par le projet Bitsavers. Il est accompagn\u00e9 de quelques photos noir et blanc de cartes, accompagn\u00e9es de l\u00e9gendes. C’est maigre, mais cela suffira pour le moment. Et puis une centaine de pages techniques, \u00e7a reste un bon morceau de lecture. Le 8008 La lecture des sp\u00e9cifications du 8008 est assez rapide. La documentation est globalement claire et assez d\u00e9taill\u00e9e, pr\u00e9sentant le d\u00e9tail des op\u00e9rations \u00e0 chaque \u00e9tat pour chaque instruction. Sans rentrer trop dans les d\u00e9tails, le 8008 est un processeur cadenc\u00e9 \u00e0 500 kHz (oui, cinq cents kilo Hertz) dans un boitier 18 broches, qui traite des donn\u00e9es sur 8 bits et a une plage d’adressage de 14 bits. Comme 18 broches, c’est peu, les donn\u00e9es sont multiplex\u00e9es, ce qui se r\u00e9v\u00e8le important pour l’architecture du Micral N. \u00c0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur, sept registres dont un accumulateur et une pile d’appels \u00e0 8 niveaux, non accessible programmatiquement. Et enfin un syst\u00e8me rudimentaire d’interruption. L\u00e0, le Micral N va pouvoir apporter une solution d’un peu plus haut niveau, comme on le verra plus tard. C’est tout petit mais c’est normal ; c’est le premier micro-processeur 8 bits. Le Micral N Le manuel du Micral N se r\u00e9v\u00e8le un peu plus ardu \u00e0 la lecture, et ce \u00e0 cause de plusieurs facteurs. Le premier est l’\u00e2ge de la documentation. On ne d\u00e9crit pas une machine de 1974 avec les termes de 2021. Les autres facteurs sont plus ennuyeux. Ce que l’on peut mettre en premier lieu sur le compte d’une lecture inattentive se r\u00e9v\u00e8le de plus en plus \u00e9vident : il y a des erreurs dans le manuel. Les erreurs sont de plusieurs natures : des erreurs de copie, comme des confusions entre les 1 (un) et les I (i majuscule), sur l’emplacement de signaux, des explications qui contredisent les sch\u00e9mas… Et il y a des manques, comme certains signaux non d\u00e9crits. Ou bien des pi\u00e8ges, comme des signaux traduits en anglais dans le texte mais en fran\u00e7ais dans les sch\u00e9mas. Cependant, la documentation reste un formidable outil pour d\u00e9marrer. Une image mentale Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ces lectures, il est possible de commencer \u00e0 se faire une image mentale du fonctionnement du Micral N : une s\u00e9rie de cartes qui communiquent entre elles \u00e0 travers un bus en fond de panier. Ces cartes sont vari\u00e9es : une carte processeur, des cartes m\u00e9moires, des cartes de communication […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":329,"featured_media":20171,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1498,1485],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-doc","category-micral"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u00c0 la recherche de documentation - MO5.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mo5.com\/en\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00c0 la recherche de documentation - MO5.COM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Par Sylvain Glaize. La recherche Le projet de restauration du Micral N est lanc\u00e9 et au vu de son \u00e9tat, l’objectif de le red\u00e9marrer semble tout \u00e0 fait faisable. Mais comment fonctionne-t-il ? De quoi est compos\u00e9e la machine ? Ne pourrait-on pas trouver un peu de documentation ? Ce que l’on sait, c’est que la machine est architectur\u00e9e autour du tout nouveau, \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque, Intel 8008. Et la documentation du 8008 est disponible, que ce soient les sp\u00e9cifications d’Intel ou quelques pages sur Internet. Quand il s’agit de passer au Micral N, les choses se corsent. Les sites web qui traitent du 8008 sont centr\u00e9s sur d’autres machines : SCELBI, Mark-8,… Le seul document que l’on trouve est un \u00ab Users Manual \u00bb (Manuel de l’utilisateur) pr\u00e9serv\u00e9 par le projet Bitsavers. Il est accompagn\u00e9 de quelques photos noir et blanc de cartes, accompagn\u00e9es de l\u00e9gendes. C’est maigre, mais cela suffira pour le moment. Et puis une centaine de pages techniques, \u00e7a reste un bon morceau de lecture. Le 8008 La lecture des sp\u00e9cifications du 8008 est assez rapide. La documentation est globalement claire et assez d\u00e9taill\u00e9e, pr\u00e9sentant le d\u00e9tail des op\u00e9rations \u00e0 chaque \u00e9tat pour chaque instruction. Sans rentrer trop dans les d\u00e9tails, le 8008 est un processeur cadenc\u00e9 \u00e0 500 kHz (oui, cinq cents kilo Hertz) dans un boitier 18 broches, qui traite des donn\u00e9es sur 8 bits et a une plage d’adressage de 14 bits. Comme 18 broches, c’est peu, les donn\u00e9es sont multiplex\u00e9es, ce qui se r\u00e9v\u00e8le important pour l’architecture du Micral N. \u00c0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur, sept registres dont un accumulateur et une pile d’appels \u00e0 8 niveaux, non accessible programmatiquement. Et enfin un syst\u00e8me rudimentaire d’interruption. L\u00e0, le Micral N va pouvoir apporter une solution d’un peu plus haut niveau, comme on le verra plus tard. C’est tout petit mais c’est normal ; c’est le premier micro-processeur 8 bits. Le Micral N Le manuel du Micral N se r\u00e9v\u00e8le un peu plus ardu \u00e0 la lecture, et ce \u00e0 cause de plusieurs facteurs. Le premier est l’\u00e2ge de la documentation. On ne d\u00e9crit pas une machine de 1974 avec les termes de 2021. Les autres facteurs sont plus ennuyeux. Ce que l’on peut mettre en premier lieu sur le compte d’une lecture inattentive se r\u00e9v\u00e8le de plus en plus \u00e9vident : il y a des erreurs dans le manuel. Les erreurs sont de plusieurs natures : des erreurs de copie, comme des confusions entre les 1 (un) et les I (i majuscule), sur l’emplacement de signaux, des explications qui contredisent les sch\u00e9mas… Et il y a des manques, comme certains signaux non d\u00e9crits. Ou bien des pi\u00e8ges, comme des signaux traduits en anglais dans le texte mais en fran\u00e7ais dans les sch\u00e9mas. Cependant, la documentation reste un formidable outil pour d\u00e9marrer. Une image mentale Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ces lectures, il est possible de commencer \u00e0 se faire une image mentale du fonctionnement du Micral N : une s\u00e9rie de cartes qui communiquent entre elles \u00e0 travers un bus en fond de panier. Ces cartes sont vari\u00e9es : une carte processeur, des cartes m\u00e9moires, des cartes de communication […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mo5.com\/en\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MO5.COM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Association-MO5COM\/9540357570\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-02-22T12:00:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-01T10:00:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mo5.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Micral-N-Users-Manual-Couverture-High.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"633\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"935\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sylvain Glaize\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@assomo5\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@assomo5\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sylvain Glaize\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mo5.com\\\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mo5.com\\\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sylvain Glaize\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mo5.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e2593639b2e77eace001e56b26086749\"},\"headline\":\"\u00c0 la recherche de documentation\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-02-22T12:00:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-01T10:00:59+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mo5.com\\\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":963,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mo5.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mo5.com\\\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mo5.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/02\\\/Micral-N-Users-Manual-Couverture-High.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Documentation\",\"Micral\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mo5.com\\\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mo5.com\\\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u00c0 la recherche de documentation - 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MO5.COM","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/en\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u00c0 la recherche de documentation - MO5.COM","og_description":"Par Sylvain Glaize. La recherche Le projet de restauration du Micral N est lanc\u00e9 et au vu de son \u00e9tat, l’objectif de le red\u00e9marrer semble tout \u00e0 fait faisable. Mais comment fonctionne-t-il ? De quoi est compos\u00e9e la machine ? Ne pourrait-on pas trouver un peu de documentation ? Ce que l’on sait, c’est que la machine est architectur\u00e9e autour du tout nouveau, \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque, Intel 8008. Et la documentation du 8008 est disponible, que ce soient les sp\u00e9cifications d’Intel ou quelques pages sur Internet. Quand il s’agit de passer au Micral N, les choses se corsent. Les sites web qui traitent du 8008 sont centr\u00e9s sur d’autres machines : SCELBI, Mark-8,… Le seul document que l’on trouve est un \u00ab Users Manual \u00bb (Manuel de l’utilisateur) pr\u00e9serv\u00e9 par le projet Bitsavers. Il est accompagn\u00e9 de quelques photos noir et blanc de cartes, accompagn\u00e9es de l\u00e9gendes. C’est maigre, mais cela suffira pour le moment. Et puis une centaine de pages techniques, \u00e7a reste un bon morceau de lecture. Le 8008 La lecture des sp\u00e9cifications du 8008 est assez rapide. La documentation est globalement claire et assez d\u00e9taill\u00e9e, pr\u00e9sentant le d\u00e9tail des op\u00e9rations \u00e0 chaque \u00e9tat pour chaque instruction. Sans rentrer trop dans les d\u00e9tails, le 8008 est un processeur cadenc\u00e9 \u00e0 500 kHz (oui, cinq cents kilo Hertz) dans un boitier 18 broches, qui traite des donn\u00e9es sur 8 bits et a une plage d’adressage de 14 bits. Comme 18 broches, c’est peu, les donn\u00e9es sont multiplex\u00e9es, ce qui se r\u00e9v\u00e8le important pour l’architecture du Micral N. \u00c0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur, sept registres dont un accumulateur et une pile d’appels \u00e0 8 niveaux, non accessible programmatiquement. Et enfin un syst\u00e8me rudimentaire d’interruption. L\u00e0, le Micral N va pouvoir apporter une solution d’un peu plus haut niveau, comme on le verra plus tard. C’est tout petit mais c’est normal ; c’est le premier micro-processeur 8 bits. Le Micral N Le manuel du Micral N se r\u00e9v\u00e8le un peu plus ardu \u00e0 la lecture, et ce \u00e0 cause de plusieurs facteurs. Le premier est l’\u00e2ge de la documentation. On ne d\u00e9crit pas une machine de 1974 avec les termes de 2021. Les autres facteurs sont plus ennuyeux. Ce que l’on peut mettre en premier lieu sur le compte d’une lecture inattentive se r\u00e9v\u00e8le de plus en plus \u00e9vident : il y a des erreurs dans le manuel. Les erreurs sont de plusieurs natures : des erreurs de copie, comme des confusions entre les 1 (un) et les I (i majuscule), sur l’emplacement de signaux, des explications qui contredisent les sch\u00e9mas… Et il y a des manques, comme certains signaux non d\u00e9crits. Ou bien des pi\u00e8ges, comme des signaux traduits en anglais dans le texte mais en fran\u00e7ais dans les sch\u00e9mas. Cependant, la documentation reste un formidable outil pour d\u00e9marrer. Une image mentale Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ces lectures, il est possible de commencer \u00e0 se faire une image mentale du fonctionnement du Micral N : une s\u00e9rie de cartes qui communiquent entre elles \u00e0 travers un bus en fond de panier. Ces cartes sont vari\u00e9es : une carte processeur, des cartes m\u00e9moires, des cartes de communication […]","og_url":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/en\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/","og_site_name":"MO5.COM","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Association-MO5COM\/9540357570","article_published_time":"2023-02-22T12:00:59+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-03-01T10:00:59+00:00","og_image":[{"width":633,"height":935,"url":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Micral-N-Users-Manual-Couverture-High.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Sylvain Glaize","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@assomo5","twitter_site":"@assomo5","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Sylvain Glaize","Estimated reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/"},"author":{"name":"Sylvain Glaize","@id":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/#\/schema\/person\/e2593639b2e77eace001e56b26086749"},"headline":"\u00c0 la recherche de documentation","datePublished":"2023-02-22T12:00:59+00:00","dateModified":"2023-03-01T10:00:59+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/"},"wordCount":963,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Micral-N-Users-Manual-Couverture-High.png","articleSection":["Documentation","Micral"],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/","url":"https:\/\/mo5.com\/a-la-recherche-de-documentation\/","name":"Looking for documentation - 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